Economic Systems Essay Example for Free

Economic Systems Essay under(a) a niftyist economic system, individuals consume all resources, both human and non-human. Governments inject only minimally in the operation of markets, primarily to protect the private-property rights of individuals. Free markets in which suppliers and inviteers can enter and exit the market at their own politeness are fundamental to the capitalist economic system. The concept of laissez-faire, that is, leaving the coordination of individuals wants to be controlled by the market, is also a tenet of capitalism.In a capitalist system, individuals own resources, either through inheritance or through industry. The individual receives compensation for the use of resources by others. This, combined with inherited wealth of the person, get holds an individuals consumption power. The accumulated spending power and the willingness of individuals to allocate resources to consumption determine demand. The availability and costs of resources, together with the potential for profits of firms, determine supply.In a market system the demand of consumers combined with the supply of producers determine what and how much will be produced. Socialism Under a socialist economic system, individuals own their own human capital and the government owns most other, non-human resources that is, most of the major factors of issue are owned by the state. Land, factories, and major machinery are publicly owned. A socialist system is a form of command economy in which prices and production are set by the state.Movement of resources, including the movement of labor, is strictly controlled. Resources can only move at the direction of the centralized planning authority. Economic decisions about what and how much, how, and for whom are all made by the state through its central planning agencies. Communism Under a communist economic system, all resources, both human and non-human, are owned by the state. The government takes on a central planning sect ion directing both production and consumption in a socially desirable manner.Central planners forecast a socially beneficial future and determine the production needed to obtain that outcome. The central planners make all decisions, guided by what they believe to be good for the country. The central planners also allocate the production to consumers based on their assessment of the individuals need. Basic human needs and wants would be met according to the Marxist principle, From each according to his ability to produce, to each according to his need.

The United Nation’s Constitutions’ article 1, Section 6, Clause1 Essay Example for Free

The united Nations Constitutions article 1, Section 6, Clause1 hearThe following is a discussion on basic principles under the constitution on the above clause.The amendment of the clause was d oneness under amendment 27 limiting the congressional pay increases. The 27th Amendment which was first proposed on September 25th 1789, as an article of the then Bill of right did not pass since it failed to meet the snatch of states required. For this reason it sat, without ratification but did not have an expiry date for a period of past 80 years until Ohio ratified it in decl atomic number 18 of a congressional pay rise. In 1978, Wyoming ratified it but there still lacked follow-up by the other states and in the early 1980s Gregory Watson, who was an adjutant to a Texas legislator, took up the proposal of an amendments cause.Between 1983 and 1992, the required number states ratified the amendment, and it was declared a ratified amendment on May 7, 1992.The Article gives alone sen ators and Representatives a right to receive a compensation for their services to be ascertained by law, and paid out of the Treasury of the United States. They sh all(prenominal) in all cases except Treason (the attempt to overthrow the government of ones nation), Felony (serious crime such as murder) and Breach of peace be privileged from baffle during their attendance at the session of their respective Houses, and in going to and coming out of the same, and for any speech or debate in either mob, they shall not be questioned in any other place.This exempted all Senators and Representatives from arrest on their way and out of the House a privilege that helps them attend the house session without interruption as long as the said offences are not in place. It is important for the Representatives and Senators salaries to be got from the United States Treasury something that guarantees that the figures received are well looked into as it is a law already passed and written. This als o meant that the senators and vocalizations may get a increase on their salaries on when the treasury declares and sees that it can allow the notes for the period in question.The clause continues to state that No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil stance under the Authority of the United States which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof have been increased during such time, and no person holding any office under the United States shall be a member of the House during his Continuance in office.This second part of the clause very clearly disapproves a person who is already appointed to any civil authority becoming a member of the House. At least this way equal chance for people is supported since one can only have one government job at a time. This will make the Senator or the Representative fully dedicated to constituent the people since they can only have this as the single source of income from the government. It also forbids any person who is already elected in the House as a senator or representative from benefiting from money meant for the civil office.This will result in more transparency as far as the government and funds is concerned. This clause states that the Senators or representatives will be well compensated so this way their needs are well met for the term they happen to be in the house and since they are allowed to enjoy a two term incase they still make it to the house then it becomes the responsibility of a senator or representative as to what they deliver during their term/s.

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Commerce Essay

The Relationship Between Entrepreneurship And Innovation Commerce EssayWhat is the alliance surrounded by enterprisership and blueprint? Depending on which model you are looking at entrepreneurship has a differing relationship with foundation. There are definitions disclose at that place that make an entrepreneurial doings al approximately analogous to that of creation. Is in that respect more to presentation than being entrepreneurial? Can entrepreneurship be defined by innovation? These are some questions I intend to answer by dint ofout the essay and I provide turn up and determine how the two are related, however largish or small the relationship is. Up to 1 in 3 bloodline line start-ups fail indoors the first three years and with the amount of start ups, 3 per minute in 2001, there is a lot of prospective, hopeful entrepreneurs aiming to succeed in business only if fail. What is the difference in characteristics between those that succeed and fail, is there a clear contraryiation and tin can the amount of innovation used by the entrepreneur effect the success of the business? I aim to come to a conclusion and answer all of these questions throughout and critically analyse differing theories.Both of the cost are often used interchangeably with little understanding of the differentiation between the two (David Johnson, 2001). My interpretation of innovation is that it has a lot to do with the cheat of a product or a process and is a change in the norm, which then becomes the norm. A good example which would project innovation would be the movement from the floppy disk to the CD ROM, this is a clear move with a totally different design and then became the norm, till that innovation happened and the USB flash drive has become the most common for file storing and transfer. The question of defining entrepreneurship and linking it to innovation is harder than it sounds. There are many studies of entrepreneurship however there is no speci fic definition as it cannot be summed up into wizard single statement. There are various models showing a differing correlation between innovation and entrepreneurship. I see the link between the two as one in which, if worked together in harmony there can be a prefect outcome in terms of the success of an entrepreneur. Not everyone who starts up a business is an entrepreneur it is the one who makes the best outcome of any opportunity presumption throughout the spiritedness of a business that will be a successful entrepreneur. There are different characteristics and different circumstances surrounding each(prenominal) successful entrepreneurs story but each made it down their route to become successful.A good mind is nothing more than a marionette in the hands of an entrepreneur.(Jeffry Timmons 1977) This idea shows that innovation, or the idea is just one single aspect of the processes of the entrepreneur in the reservation of, and continuing the success of a business. There fore this means there is a relationship visible but it cannot be said it is one that says that entrepreneurship is more than just an idea, or innovation but it is using that idea.Innovations are the composite of two worlds, namely, the technical, and the business so when only a change in technology is entangled, this is just an invention but as soon as the business world is involved, it becomes an Innovation. (Schumpeter 1934). An entrepreneur is an single(a) who establishes and manages a business for the principle purposes of profit and outgrowth. The entrepreneur is characterised principally by sophisticated behaviour and will employ strategic management practices in the business this explanation is very relevant to what I am trying to explain and the link with business shows how entrepreneurs in business can be modern. (Carland et al, 1984). These are how innovation and entrepreneurship can be defined in 2 different models. They can both be linked into each other visibly impu table to the idea of business in innovation and the innovative behaviour. However they can also be criticised delinquent to saying entrepreneurs are only in pursuit of profit but this would depend on the personality of the individual. The founder of Oxfam, Joe Mitty, was solely interested in making money for charity and was a volunteer.Schumpeters view of creative last (1934) refers to the entrepreneur introducing a naked as a jaybird idea that takes over a market and links entrepreneurs to stinting growth and development. This could be an idea of shifting production processes, reducing the size of the workforce to increase productivity or indeed the introduction of a overbold product. The reason the introduction of the raw idea has such an effect is, because of the unpredictability of the introduction, meaning there is no come up to prepare and lessen the impact of the juvenile idea. Therefore Schumpeters theory was very much in line and the link innovation has with the ent repreneur is clear and represented by the fact that this creative destruction often leads to the overhaul of a market and takes over the old idea. For example the DVD, taking over VHS, and now they do not sell VHS in HMV and most other leading electronic multi media stores.The view of Kirzner (1973) is that entrepreneurs are individuals that recognise opportunity and find gaps in the market and test the viability of new business by mental test and error and feedback from the market. Therefore these two views are contrasting with Kirzners view of entrepreneurship related more markets and gaps within them, and the responsiveness of an individual to react and make the most of this opportunity, preferably than seeing the opportunity for a new product or idea, rather than simply moulding or adapting what is there already to gain market share. after this an entrepreneur differentiates from just an opportunist introduction and realisation of the idea by carrying on the idea and turning i t into a viable business.These two ideas give a different level of linkage with innovation, rather than the destruction of Schumpeters model which creates the market for the product, Kirzner believes it is about adapting the idea to fit into the market, so the innovation may be seen as more lapse and less extreme in Kirzners case.OECD (1998) states that (they) accelerate the generation, dissemination and application of innovative ideas this sums up one particular idea of the relationship between the two it implies that entrepreneurship is innovative however, innovation is not always entrepreneurial. Innovation may only be one aspect in the beginning, or perhaps innovation should happen throughout and be keep through the life of the business to attempt to keep ahead of competition. Innovation is not always a motif destruction of a current process or product and it can just be a small alteration to current product or process. E.G. Sir Stelios Haji-Ioannou, an entrepreneur and the f ounder of easy jet, took an idea and used his business mind and talents to create and exploit the market, however did not invent any new innovative product, or production process but he spotted an opportunity for a budget airline which opened air travel up to the masses, whom perhaps could not afford what was there before it.Schere (1982) sums up an entrepreneur by giving their characteristics, it states they have a valuation account for stress and uncertainty, a real life example here can be the entrepreneur I interviewed, John Russell, who had to support a family at the same time as remortgaging his house and objurgate up a business. To get through the stress of this whilst setting up and pursuing a successful business would take a lot of tolerance and self belief. The tolerance of uncertainty could be linked to innovation, if it is a new process or product and it has not been tried and tested in a market as is discussed by Kirzner (1973), the entrepreneur is taking a big risk e ven if the gap in the market it there in theory, there is no certainty due to the irrational behaviour of consumers. Schere gives a characteristic of entrepreneurs that they are open minded and can react quickly to change. The nature of innovation is that however prepared or quickly entrepreneurs can react they are often powerless to prevent a total overhaul of a market, due to the action of another entrepreneur (Schumpeter 1934).Timmons et al (1985) gives one of the largest sets of propertys in the field. The trait of having the drive to achieve and grow is one of them. The drive to grow is one trait of interest and can be linked in to what has already been discussed, due to the distinction between innovation and entrepreneurship, with innovation being the starting point of a process and the entrepreneurial side leading to the growth of the business, however innovation would be needed throughout the life of the business to lead to a growth in the idea, an example is Simon Cowell w ho from X factor went on to expand using entrepreneurial prowess to take it into other countries and then went on and created Britains got talent, which introduced a new idea and process to the TV industry. Simon Cowell, just one example can already counter the idea of Timmons et al, of they have Low need for status and power, as it is visible that this interests him.Theories giving traits of entrepreneurs, however, is a generalisation of all entrepreneurs and can be easily criticised as there are so many different types and individual entrepreneurs that cannot be segmented and categorised. The studies give traits of entrepreneurs and do not take into account the background. For example, one entrepreneur may be a university graduate, whilst another could be a middle aged worker who has found a way doing what their business is doing more efficiently. Therefore it is likely that the traits they portray are not all identical to each other. If all the traits an entrepreneur is said to p ortray in journals and articles are true then entrepreneurs would be close to perfectly efficient and functioning human being beings.People can also be innovative but cannot make the step up to become entrepreneurial, the BBC television programme (2. The Age of Plenty, The Foods that make Billions 2010) it shows us the story of how business has turned grain into one of the biggest success stories of the modern food industry. In the beginning it was one of the Kellogg brothers who invented the product however it was the other one of the brothers that took it forward as a business. The person who created the idea is the brother of the entrepreneur and he could be seen as innovative. His brother was the one who took the idea further, by increase the product range and adding sugar to it where his brother chose not to. Therefore a differentiation is shown here between the two thought processes of simply just an spotter and then an entrepreneurial mind that has increased the size of the company, and its meshing, significantly.orchard apple tree, in recent times, is a great example to use when referring to both entrepreneurial expertise and new innovative products. Before the IPod was launched on October 23rd 2001, there were there means of personal media players which people were satisfied with. However the idea of 1000 songs in your goop came by surprise and nobody could have predicted it. People used portable CD players and walkmans without realising the potential and they were later deemed clunky and useless. However, The IPod has become a household name, and disrespect not being the first mp3 player they revolutionised the MP3 and now people call them IPods rather than mp3 players. Here the iPod can be seen to be in line with Schumpeters idea of creative destruction (1934) because it is an example of how a new introduction (of the iPod) effectively destroyed the ideas that came before it, e.g. people dont use walkman anymore, due to the intro of the iPod. Th e reason Apple is a near perfect example of a complementary relationship between both innovation and entrepreneurship is because of their actions after the initial introduction, and the way in which they continued to use innovative strategies and keep up the level of innovation and did not settle on the idea. Further developments on the IPod were brought to the market, for example the mini, shuffle, nano and the touch were all further innovations, and then they continued to create other products under the Apple brand. They made the new Mac books, the air and the pro, Apple Macs which further competed with other computer companies than they did in the past. Then more recently they have made the I Phone, which has 4 different models, and potentially more, iPad and in the future they are also looking into piteous into a new (for them) form of media, TV. These innovative ideas, along with the fact that they are becoming a market leader in electronics and making huge profits year on yea r, whilst banging nails into past leader of the portable media industry (with the walkman) Sonys coffin (Naughton, 2010). They demonstrate perfectly why innovation has such a relationship with entrepreneurship. The reality of it is, however, one day there will be innovation, not by apple, and perhaps not by any of the current firms in the electronics market, that will kill off apple and lead to a new market leader. Due to the nature of innovation, however much Apple prepare they will not be able to prevent this happening.Druckers source of opportunity (1985) is a model in which the opportunities for an entrepreneur come about both internally and externally. Internally through inadequacy, changes in market or coming about through chance or externally through perception and mood, demographic changes and new knowledge, from individuals or chance revelations.Small firms are more innovative than their large firm counterparts, being less bound by convention and more flexible (Carter Jone s-Evans 2006) This suggests that in large firms which have set policy and running to it, would be more ridged, and therefore less reactive to a change in the market and could be pushed out of the market due to new innovative firms taking over. Therefore for a business to succeed in the long term they may need innovative ideas to survive and prevent being overtaken by the more innovative smaller firms.To sum up the relationship between innovation and entrepreneurship is not a naive thing to do with a single sentence answer. What I can conclude is that there is a differing relationship between the two in different fields of study. A common idea of the relationship is that it is a dependant one, in which both are needed in an economy to stimulate economic growth. The idea that innovation is a part of the entrepreneurial process is one that I agree with, there can be innovation without an entrepreneur involved however there cannot be a successful entrepreneurial venture without the inp ut of innovation. This is because innovation is what will be the distinction between ideas, without innovation there may be change or progression and this could lead to a stagnant economy. The examples I have given of entrepreneurs are ones that I believe show a differing amount of innovation, but similar amounts of success, Stelios had merely a change in the pricing and strategy of airline firms which when compared to the example of apple is only a small change, however, innovation is still shown and is still important. Overall in most cases it is not just an individual entrepreneur people may be providential by an individual innovative idea and create entrepreneurial flow of a business over time as a team which can lead to great success with the right mix of both innovation and entrepreneurial processes.

The Role of Quality Assurance in Education

The Role of Quality Assurance in EducationProviding lumber command at a high direct is the need of an hour. Much emphasis has been given to the basic bringing up in the recent past, but providing quality reproduction at a higher(prenominal)(prenominal) level has received ignorance.Quality dimensions probem to take aim two implications i.e functionality of the output and meeting the basic standards. Hence, the quality of a higher education transcription whitethorn be seen from the point of view of norms and standards, which may evolve depending on the need of an hour. Sustaining quality in teacher input handle curriculum design and development evaluation of recorders achievement and progress vis--vis curriculum evaluation and quality circumspection practices become crucial. at that placefore, sharing of the experiences among institutions on quality issues may generate ideas for evolving norms and strategies for their quality assurance of management processes, curricular inputs and practices and the evaluation system as hale.Of late, various developments have been witnessed relating to quality assurance mainly through discussion of information and communication technologies in education, like net ciphering of open learning system with traditional Universities interdisciplinary interactions at intra-institutional and inter-institutional level, incorporating self financing in their financial management, substructure of different statutory and regulatory bodies and national level.RecommendationsCurriculum Planning and management should be studied in the perspective of knowledge management.Integrated approach by involving experts from different fields with major focus on sharing of experiences. Multidisciplinary curriculum essential be actual with a view to cater to the needs and fulfilment of expectations of learners, teachers, pargonnts, employers and society in general.Decentralization must be encouraged with a broad frame work of University sys tem.Every University must have its own curriculum. Context, specificity and dubiousness oriented experience must be reflected in the curriculum.Curriculum construction should transact in an authentic and real environment.Knowledge and skills must be developed with a view to provide relevance and meaningfulness.Learners involvement must be encouraged to link previous experience with present learning.Teachers should plan mentors of guiding learners to learn instead of directing them.Learners must have ample scope of formulate their own queries and have multiple interpretations of knowledge through self search and experimental learning.Assessment and AccreditationThe higher education system of India needs to be expanded to a much greater scale to serve to the needs of Indian youth. mass of the higher education institutes do not come anywhere near the level of average institutions of higher education in the advanced countries. This vast bedspread in standards and facilities has been a cause of constant anxiety and concern to the policy makers.The issue of accessibility of quality higher education needs to be address in the light of vast economic and social disparities, cultural and linguistic diversities together with the aspirations and capacities of potential students. The accessibility of quality higher education needs to be expanded from elitist to mass education. This issue has signifi heapt implications in the sense that it demands redefinitions of the aims of higher education.RecommendationsAccessibility and quality up gradation are inseparable dimensions of higher education. both(prenominal) should be emphasized equally.The quantitative expansion of higher education for a sub continental size country is of paramount importance to mitigate disparities crosswise regions, gender and social strata in education.Along with quantitative expansion up quality of higher education is equally important. Emphasis on quality parametric quantity becomes all the more necessary in the light of mushrooming of occult institutions with opening up of Indian economy.Setting up of NAAC has sent the right and positive signals for generating and promoting sentience of urgent need of quality up gradation of Colleges and Universities.Quality upgradation is not a one time phenomenon. In view of this, post accreditation complacency must be arrested by evolving quality assurance mechanism for self regulation. The setting up of Internal Quality assurance cell is on much(prenominal).Effectiveness of quality up gradation in higher education more often than not depends on quality of primary and secondary education. Institutional mechanism on patterns of NAAC may be set up at these levels.Periodic assessment should be conducted.Workshops/ Seminars/ Conferences and orientations/ Refresher courses should be organized during lean periods in institutional academic work so as not to upset the teaching schedule.More and wide parameters should be identified for asse ssing the quality of institutions.Assessment and accreditation work should be moved move on to the level of teaching and research departments within Universities/ Colleges.While restructuring the syllabi and courses efforts should be made to develop an optimal combination of acquisition of theoretical and practical skills.In restructuring of syllabi, all stakeholders much(prenominal) as students, teachers and users of services should be involved.Examination see the lights for regular and continuous assessment of students performance should be made.The critical review of activities of higher educational institutions as well as their budgets needs to be conducted to Phase out obsolete activities.Methods of Up gradationIn the higher education system goal of providing quality mint be achieved only by the realization of our internal and imperishable being. Our aim in higher educational system at promoting environmental protection, universal pink of my John and internal co-operation, harmony and unity in external space can best be realized through internal purification and perfection. Our education system Endeavour to promote harmonious relationship between both the inner and outer dimensions of the individual environment and the cosmos.Our objective in higher education in not only to promote equality and social justice but also to provide the right kind of work ethos, headmaster expertise and leaders in all work of life.Above all our endeavor is to foster among teachers and students and through them in society generally integral development of various inhering in physical emotional, rational, aesthetic, ethical and spiritual education.For the higher education such as in technical education we arrange major programmes which are relate to review and renewal of the curriculum for education and training of engineer and technicians, modernization of the laborites and workshops and removal of obsolescence and cave inment of community polytechnics.For the higher education UGC is conventional and in accompaniment the UGC has established NAAC to carry out periodical assessment of universities and colleges in the country. For the higher education Open University system such as IGNOU and Kota distance education council has been established so that the higher education gets much simpler and convenient.For the higher education a scheme of career orientation to education has also been launched and for this a number of institutions have introduced career oriented courses in different subjects. For this open learning systems and distance education courses have also contributed significantly to the diversification of courses so that the field of professional stress has come to laid on new areas of studies which have direct relevant to new industry. For the higher education in the field of diversification some selected committees or commission has also launched a TV programme for general awareness in natural science, social science and arts.For the higher education in that respect are number of measures have been taken for quality improvement. These include the development of infrastructure, curriculum, human resource and research.In the higher education system we have to reform the examination system. There is also a programme for reform in the examination system and various experiments have been conducted to ensure that the students are freed from the burden of annual examination and are encouraged to continue to ascertain throughout the entire period of study.Government should make a firm commitment to higher education institutes to make efforts to raise their own resources by raising the slant level, encouraging tete-a-tete donation and by generating revenue through consultancy and separate activities.By the higher education we have to develop the national and social education development. The education should haveAddress the problems of national development ill-temperedly issues concerning self finance, economic g rowth, profession and social and national integration.Should relate to the life, needs and aspirations of the people and held improve the productivity.Emphasis should be on work experience, vocational studies and improvement in scientific and expert education and research.Inculcate social, moral and spiritual values in the students and thereby society.Role of non governing bodyal organization in educationA non-governmental organization (nongovernmental organization) is a licitly constituted organization created by natural or legal persons that operates independently from any government and a term usually used by governments to concern to entities that have no government status. In the cases in which nongovernmental organizations are funded totally or partially by governments, the NGO maintains its non-governmental status by excluding government representatives from rank in the organization. The term is usually applied only to organizations that pursue some wider social aim that h as policy-making aspects, but that are not overtly political organizations such as political parties. Unlike the term intergovernmental organization, the term non-governmental organization has no generally agreed legal definition. In many jurisdictions, these types of organization are called civil society organizations or referred to by other names.NGO plays a very vital role in growth of higher education particular in the present scenario of competitive world. There should be partnership between higher educational bodies and NGO in various activities such asNGO conduct orientation programmes for training of new teacher and also refresher courses in various disciplines for in-service teachers to enable them update their knowledge by some selected members of NGO.NGO helps to enrich the quality of higher education, a country wide classroom programme was launched.In higher education programme NGO also helps in some schemes such as a special films on various subjects are prepared and t elecast for the benefit of students and teachers.For the higher education NGO also set up to produce special films and a large numbers of video tapes are being product for transmission on the national T.V. network.NGO helps participating in and contributing to major debates concerning the direction and future of society is seen as a major task.NGO helps to improve productivity by emphasis-sing work experience vocational, improvements in scientific and technological education and research and in many other wide areas.Public Private Partnership ( palatopharyngoplasty) on high Education in IndiaWhat is PPP?Public- hidden partnership (PPP) describes a government service or private business venture which is funded and operated through a partnership of government and one or more private field companies PPP involves a contract between a public-sector authority and a private party, in which the private party provides a public service or project and assumes substantial financial, technica l and operational risk in the project.Need for PPPsThe provision of schooling is largely provided and financed by governments. However, due to unmetdemand for education coupled with shrinking government budgets, the public sector is developinginnovative partnerships with the private sector. Increased private enthronement is thus imperative to expand infrastructure and provide greater access to quality higher education in India. EY FICCI report emphasizes that PPPs (Public Private Partnership) could be an stiff mechanism for attracting much needed private sector investment in the Indian high education system without diluting the regulatory oversight of the Government and other regulatorsCommon Misconceptions about PPPsPublic private partnerships are the same as privatizationBy entering into a public private partnership, public sector loses see to it over the provision ofservicesPublic private partnerships apply only to infrastructure projectsThe principal reason for government entering into public private partnerships is to countermand debtPublic sector employee will lose under public private partnerships The cost of service willincrease to pay for the private partners profitThere are only two partners in a public private partnershipFew FiguresIndias enrollment figures in higher education remain atrociously low at a mere 11 % compared to that of the US and Canada, where over 60 % of college-age students access higher education, highlighting that public-private partnerships are critical for wooing investment in Indias higher education system.This shortfall in the number of young who are eligible for higher education and the existing infrastructure presents Indias unique challenge, in terms of the sheer scale of its tribe. India has over 400 universities and more than 20,000 colleges with an enrollment of 14 million students, yet it is grossly inadequate.Partnership Formats in EducationThis study while covering the concept of public-private partnerships, presents the basic modes ofpartnerships that can exist between the government and the private sector in the field of education.PPPs involve the government and private players to work hand-in-hand for providing public infrastructure and other services, while jointly sharing the risks, rewards, investments and responsibility associated with the activity. Partnerships are established for varied reasons including construction, financing, design and maintenance of public infrastructure.PPP in social sectors such as health and education are sometimes referred to as Public-Social PrivatePartnership (PSPP). A number of PPP models can exist that range from simple management contracts to BOOT formats. These formats vary in the kind of benefits they yield, few of such formats arePublic Private Financing of Higher EducationScience / Research ParksUniversity owned companiesResearch FocusThe research focus is on Public-Private financing of higher education. Let us see this through couple of case s as mentioned belowThe Melaka-Manipal Medical College PPPManipal Academy of Higher Education (MAHE) India entered into an agreement with Joint Venture MedicalCollege Corporation (JVMC) Malaysia to runner a private medical college in Malaysia. The key objective was to provide additional doctors for Malaysia and offer opportunities for students in the region to study medicine at a cheaper cost than in the West.The agreement led to partnership between the State Government of Melaka, the Manipal Group and members of Indian Diaspora in Malaysia.The local government provided teaching staff, supervisory services along with financial assistance to students. It also allowed use of local government hospitals for training and teaching purposesOn the other hand, the private partners contributed to the infrastructure for the Melaka campus with a provision of patient care service and training of staff in the health centers. The private partners also contributed by partially conducting the prog ram in their India campus, as there was a shortage of faculty for basic sciences in MalaysiaBenefitsCreation of the new college was a step in the direction of increasing the doctor population ratio. It also led to decreased financial burden for the government as infrastructure costs were borne by the college.The private partners on the other hand, gained an opportunity to establish a college leading to increased overseas exposure, establishment of global reputation and brand name.Funding Through EndowmentsIn November 2008, Indian School of Business (ISB) sign(a) an agreement with the Government of Punjab (GOP) to set up its second campus in India at the Knowledge City, Mohali.The cost of the project is INR 3000 million. To fund the project, ISB succeeded in getting four endowments of INR five hundred million each from its recrudesce supporters the Bharti Group, the Max Group, the Hero Group and the Punj Lloyd Group.In return for the endowments, ISB would set up four specialist centers for righteousness named after its founder supporters,Max India Institute of Healthcare ManagementBharti Institute of Public PolicyBML Munjal Institute of Manufacturing and Operation ExcellencePunj Lloyd Institute of Physical Infrastructure ManagementThese centers of excellence would promote research in their specific fields as well as provide specialisationoptions for management studentsBenefitsFor ISB, success in raising a large part of its project costs through endowments enabled achievement of itsgrowth plans. ISB also recieved commitments from its supporters to provide internships and recruit students from this campusOn the other hand, the founder supporters were able to further research in areas of interest to them, as well asattract more management students to focus and specialize in these areas. They also furthered the cause of improving the quality of education in their home state by attracting a leading management institutionRecommendationsEncourage private sector accompaniment of higher educationIntroduce innovative PPP models which encourage high quality players from the privatesector to invest more in the higher education sectorProvide tax incentives and simplify norms to attract private investmentsEnhance impact of Government fundingIntroduce a mechanism of performance based funding by the GovernmentEncourage HEIs to move towards higher self generation of funds to meet operational expenses, so that Government funds are fatigued increasing on capacity expansion and quality improvementRationalize tuition fee and build strong financing structuresRationalize tuition fee structures to internationally accepted levels (25% of income) which would enable self sustenance of HEIs and reduce strain on public fundingDifferential pricing may be accorded for students belonging to economically weakersectionsCreate robust financing system to support rationalized fee structure through encouragement of scholarships (public and industry sponsored) and incr easing student loans insurance coverage through special schemesSupport raising of revenue through alternate sourcesEncourage higher education institutes to identify and develop innovative sources of income other than fees and grants, such as monetization of IP (research patents, licenses), organizing seminars/ public events, consulting etc. For this purpose, set out model practices, incentivize faculty through revenue sharing, and institutes through higher grants for better performance on these factorsDevelop supportive guidelines and norms to increase utilization of existing assets/land banks of higher education institutes Encourage industrial houses/individuals to give endowments to both public and private HEIs, by providing a 125% weighted tax deduction to all endowments to recognized universities, preferential allotment of seats etc.Improve management of finance at HEIsSupport HEIs to obtain access to best in breed finance professionalsConduct seminars and short term courses t o share best practices in management of operations at HEIs in order to improve utilization of available finances

Can Legalistic mechanisms be effectively used to promote organizational safety

Can Legalistic mechanisms be tellingly used to promote organizational asylumCan goodistic mechanisms such as unified liability be effectively used to promote organizational arctic? Use two specialized subjects to illustrate your literary argument.In the era of globalisation and battle of business for expansion to foreign markets, large organization activitys in a form of legal entities (i.e. corporations) is seem to be taking the dominant role over the worlds economy. The growing size of corporations, their complexity and realize of immense resources provides ground for misconduct that often results in adverse do to both individuals and the community. Great physiques of incidents that resulted in a large scale harms caused to society in the past decades has brought the office of corporate misbehaviour and the way they embrace hazards to mevery debates both in professional and lay public.The idea of attempting to manage organisational risks is recognized as a relativ ely new c erstpt (Institute of Lifelong Learning, 2006 5-6) and the complexity of social inter achieves of individuals that constitute organisations adjacent to fast development of advanced technologies in contemporary society may prove for identification of precarious circumstances that sham rubber eraser inside organisations, extremely challenging. As observed by the Institute of Lifelong Learning (2006 5-6) t here ar some acknow directged professional and faculty member courses in Britain, but since the counselling of organisational risks is non a mature activity, it does non possess the same level of legitimacy that some other institutionalised concepts do.It appears that legal reforms in Europe and some other countries intend to make it easier to impose legal sanctions on corporations for serious wrongdoings. One major power suggest that such reforms are logical consequence of some mayor harms shitd by corporations that were later unsuccessfully prosecuted under exist ing laws and deemed insufficient to protect the public interests. In the United state (UK) some large scale accidents such as the call for crash at Paddington, the set up at Kings Cross electric resistance station, the capsizing of the ferry declare of Free Enterprise are few that were catalysts for reforms making it easier to impose strict liability on corporations for physical injuries or deaths. The adoption of Corporate Manslaughter and Corporate Homicide take on 2007 might be perceived as an important indicator of these reforms.This penning will examine a much controversial aspects of the extent to which risk counsel regimes should be more or less blame orientated ( pileus et al., 1996 46) and, whether, in the event of an avoidable accident, the troupe as well as (or perhaps kind of than) identified individuals might or should be held morally or legally obligated for an act or omission (Institute of Lifelong Learning 2006, 4-22).The essay principal opens a much dis cussed notion of corporate liability which this paper will discuss in the linguistic context of organisational aspects of wellness and safety as an integral bulge of managing risks in organisations. The essay will also discuss legislative aspects that are regulating corporate responsibility. However, the intention of the author is not to summarize the arguments on regulation basis in detail. It indispensablenesss to be recognized that legislation that regulates corporate responsibility varies worldwide. Therefore, the paper will discuss some of the broader aspects that might affect health and safety conformity in organisations.Finally this essay will doneout the discourse provide an argument that strict financial and legal liability make up on corporate bodies can significantly contribute to a better organisational safety. This will be achieved by using two specific cases for discussion in order to support the argument. The case studies used in the discussion are the elevate at Kings Cross underground station in London, UK in 1987 and the fire of the cable car in Kaprun, Austria in 2000.Definitions of termsFor further discussion the key terms from the essay question needs to be defined. Bergman, (2000 20) in his comminuted vistas on corporate responsibility in UK uses the term company and corporate in the context of companies set up with a view to profit that present been registered under the Companies Act 1985. In the same explanation, he further also considers a set of those companies that befalls under variety of other legal provisions, including a number of organisations in public sector. Despite some important distinctions can be made, this essay considers the term of corporation, company and organisation in the same context, with possible to produce a certain kind of harm.According to online dictionary a corporation is a large company or group of companies authorized to act as a single entity and recognized as such in law and liability is the state of being legally responsible for something (Ask Oxford, 2010). In order to mix in the terms, this paper will use the definition on corporate liability of another internet source, namely Wise Geek (2010), which defines corporate liability as an assessment of the activities that a corporation may be held legally liable for in a court of law.The general point to be made here is that in principle a corporation can be held legally liable as a single entity for corporate activities (acts or omissions) that is breaching the law through the group or an individual it employs. Such breaches of law might founder severe adverse effects on society, resulting in harm to health and safety of either the people or environment, where health is regarded more in the context of wellbeing of people.For further discussion the definition of the term safety is taken from a dictionary. Shorter Oxford (1973 quoted in Institute of Lifelong Learning, 2006 4-11) regards safety as The state of being safe exemption from hurt or injury freedom from danger the woodland of being unlikely to cause hurt or injury freedom from dangerousness safeness. In order to merge the terms health and safety in the context of organisational structures and their legal responsibilities, the example is taken from an explanation provided by the Institute of Lifelong Learning (2006 4-7), which argues that the term is not lonesome(prenominal) some enforcement of legislation related to certificate of employees. The argument goes It is much more of a generic concept, which has developed the status of an ethos, which is demonstrated by the use of the term Safety Culture for the attitude of an organisation towards risk-taking.One might already observe that targeting the essay question in the context of effectiveness of corporate liability towards organisational safety in an affirmative fashion might be considerably narrow. It becomes visible that managing safety in organisational framework requires further examination in a broader context of Risk, Crisis and Disaster management, if complementary make on safety through imposed strict liability measures on corporations desires to be achieved. However, before the discussion on specific case studies, the term safety culture requires additional attention, since it was illustrated that it might play an important role in attitudes towards risk taking in an organisational context.Explanations of the term safety culture flourish. A really concise one was given by the CBI (1990) as the way we do things around here. Pidgeon et al. (1991 249) define safety culture as those sets of norms, rules, roles, beliefs, attitudes and social and technical practices within an organisation which are concerned with minimising the exposure of individuals to conditions considered to be dangerous. As such defines individuals attitude and beliefs about organisations, their perceptions of risks and the importance, practicality and effectiveness of controls regar ding organisational safety.The case studiesThe case studies used in this paper are both disastrous events caused by the sudden occurrence of fire which resulted in fatal outcome to many involved. The first, fire at Kings Cross underground station in London in 1987 birdcalled the lives of 31 people and injured many more. The fire followed a number of less serious hazardous fire incidents on the London Underground. The official give notice (of) concluded the immediate cause of the fire as a trial to clean and lubricate the running tracks of the escalator clause where the fire took place after the match fell (Department of Transport, 1988 quoted in Bergman, 2000 24).Kletz (2001 116) argued that approximately 20 fires per year between 1958 and 1967 were called smoulderings to make them seem less serious. Similarly, the November 1988 Public motion report observes the London Underground managements reaction to earlier escalator fires from 1956 to 1988 as imperfect, describing the man agements approach as reactive sooner than proactive (Department of Transport, 1988 quoted in Bergman, 2000 24). In particular, the report summed up in the evidence of the then Director General of the Royal Society for the Prevention of Accidents, that many recommendations after previous fireshad not been adequately considered by senior managers and in that respect was no way to ensure that they were circulated, considered and acted upon. Londons Underground failure to carry through the proposals resulting from earlier fires such as the provision of automatic sprinklers, the need to ensure all fire equipment was correctly positioned and serviceable, identification of alternative means of break and the need to correct staff to react properly and positively in emergencies was a failure which I believe contributed to the disaster at Kings Cross.(Department of Transport, 1988 in Bergman, 2000 25)Despite the fact that the report recognized collective failure for disaster from the lev el of most senior managers downwards over many years to minimise the risk of fire outbreaks, the sound blame was placed mainly to senior management of the company. The official report into the disaster claims the responsibility of management systems as playing a significant role in development of precipitating causes that triggered the disaster (Fennell, 1989 in Institute of Lifelong Learning, 2006 3-5). However, was the applicability of existing legal instruments effective enough to reach the corporate decision makers and to what extent? Apparently, at the time of the accident there were sufficient instruments in place to find the London Underground legally liable for a criminal act of manslaughter or for a lesser offensive activity under the Health and Safety at Work Act 1974 (Bergman, 2000 29). Regardless sustainable grounds provided for legal punishment, the London Underground and its senior managers gained immunity from any form of criminal accountability (Bergman 2000 29).It is beyond the scope of this paper to examine further in details all the failures that led to disaster and the debates that followed in the aftermath. Though, the failures summed above can already pinpoint that organisational safety culture was poorly maintained. The November 1988 Public Inquiry report specifically tell that the London Undergrounds understanding of statutory responsibilities for health and safety at work was mistaken and that many of the shortcomings which led to the disaster had been identified in earlier investigatings and in reports by the fire brigade, the police and the railway Fire Prevention and Fire Standards Committee (Department of Transport, 1988 in Bergman, 2000 24-25). This exemplifies that the London Underground management was made aware of non-compliance with safety standards. Even though a invoice of small fire outbreaks was excessive, the London Underground failed to consider reported hazards seriously and to introduce safe guards to minimise th e risk of a fire with a potential for large scale loss of life.Such a conclusion stands much in favour of those who argue that effective risk management depends on the creation of inducement structures that place strict financial and legal liability onto those who are in the best position to take action to minimize the risk (Hood Jones, 1996 46). The claim is thatif liability is not precisely targeted on specific and appropriate decision-makers, a poorly designed institutional incentive structure will allow avoidable accidents to occur. Without close targeting of liability, there will be too little incentive for care to be taken by those decision-makers in organizations who are capable of creating hazards, and (the argument goes) risk externalization will be encouraged. Policies should, therefore, aim to support expanded corporate legal liability, more precisely targeted insurance premium practices, and regulatory policies that have the effect of criminalizing particular manageme nt practices and of laying sanctions directly on key decision- makers within corporations, rather than trusting corporations as undifferentiated legal persons.(cf. Fisse Braithwaite, 1988 in Hood Jones, 1996 46)Was the looseness of regulatory and legal instruments in hands of the safety investigators that did not make it possible to enforce the London Underground to remove the identified hazards and that led to the disaster, this paper was not able to fully determine. However, it is of believe that strict liability imposed on those who represent a guiding mind and will of the company for non-compliance with safety regulations, would be effective to prevent an avoidable accident to occur. An absence of criminal charges against the senior company managers might to some extent support a positive answer on the essay question with Bergmans argument in criticising the authorities of their failure to prosecute directors. He suggested that it is often argued that only when proper action i s taken against directors-with a real threat of imprisonment-will other companies take notice (Bergman, 2000 90). Though, some wider perspectives of corporate liability in relation to organisational safety need to be further discussed before any conclusions drawn. This brings the discussion to the next case study, where all the regulations were complied and yet the disaster occurred.The secondly example that this essay considers is the fire of a funicular train in a tunnel that happened near Kaprun, Austria in November 2000. The fire on a Gletscherbahnen Kapruns funicular railway, carrying 167 people up to the Kitzsteinhorn glacier claimed lives of 152 passengers on board, the driver of the second train in the tunnel and two people near the top portal of the tunnel. In total 155 people lost their lives, injured not tallied (the total number of people involved in the incident varies throughout different articles. Figures presented in this paper are matching the majority of them). T he 12 survivors who managed to escape out of the train through smashed windows were those who fled downhill away from the mess. Others who fled uphill were overcome by smoke and fume. Those survived witnessed that smoke was emanating from the rears driver cabin before the train entered the 3.5 kilometres long and 3.6 meters wide tunnel with an average incline of 45 degrees. The immediate cause of the fire was a leaky tube of hydraulic oil that came into involvement with a glowing heater at the rear cabin, nearby wooden panels and isolation materials. After the heater caught fire, the hydraulic line exploded and the oil was sprayed into the flames. This was stated as the reason why flames spread so quickly. The official results of the investigations confirmed belief of the experts that fire was caused by an electric heating ventilator, which was illegally installed into the drivers cabin (Transit concerted investigate weapons platform, 2006 26-28 Beard Carvel, 2005 6 Faure Har tlief, 2006 31).Although the train driver reported the netherworld to his base station, the train continued and stopped 600 meters into the tunnel. Following, as the Transit Cooperative Research Program (2006) suggests thatthe fire continued and the steep tunnel acted like a giant chimney, sucking air in from the bottom and sending toxic smoke billowing upwards. Despite an alarm signal and contact with the base station instructing the driver to open the doors, the train stayed at the location with its door sealed. Later investigation revealed that this was the immediate cause of death of most of the passengers.(Transit Cooperative Research Program, 2006 27)Some observed that the accident has parallels with the Kings Cross fire. As Transit Cooperative Research Program (2006 28) suggests that the Kings Cross escalator shaft at the centre of the fire had a 30 degree incline that, like the Kaprun fire created a chimney effect. The Kaprun grandeur moved faster because of the steeper in cline. Though, unlike the Kings Cross disaster, where several small fires were excessively observed before the accident, in the Kaprun case a regular reappraisal of an independent civil technicians performed two months before the first day of skiing season and also the day of the accident, has found no safety breaches or non-compliances with safety regulations. However, does that make the existing safe guards to prevent the accident sufficient and, nonetheless, the Gletscherbahnen Kaprun any less culpable for the disaster?As Tyler (2000) put forward there was no sprinkler system to put out the flames in the tunnel, fireproof emergency refuges or an evacuation tunnel through which the passengers might have escaped. The BBC News (2004) stated that the blaze was worsened by the fact that the tunnel was not lit, had only one narrow service stairway and the doors of the train could not be opened by the trapped passengers from the inside. Another author (Beier, Unknown 3) in his paper cl aims that there were no emergency exits, lights or a method to pull the burning train out of the tunnel. Similarly the Transit Cooperative Research Program (2006 28) stated that the train did not have enough fire extinguishers and that an evacuation drill never took place.The listed above illustrates that significant safety measures were ignored downwards many years of operating the Gletscherbahnen Kapruns funicular train. In recognition of that, sixteen people including company officials, technicians and government inspectors were arrested and charged with criminal negligence. The centre of the prosecution was to claim liability for those responsible for installing and servicing a non-regulation heater in the drivers cabin, which sparked the blaze by leaking oil. However, on February 19, 2004, Austrian court acquitted all sixteen with explanation of the judge in Salzburg that there was insufficient evidence to find the 16 train operators, suppliers and inspectors responsible for the blaze (BBC News, 2004). The appellate court in Linz in 2005 confirmed the verdict of the Salzburg court with the decision that no criminal acts were demonstrated despite the obvious failure to take care. The defendants had complied with the regulations (Beier, Unknown, 3). Many affected announced that they would continue with civil proceedings. Though, these cases are still pending.The main problem was that designers of the electric heater complied with the existing regulations. However, the regulations failed to distinguish call for standards for different types of trains. The design of the heater installed was inappropriate for a train in a tunnel and obviously different hazards were not foreseen. As Beier (Unknown, 4) argues A despicable risk caused entirely by the design and construction of the technical system had slipped through the entire legal and regulatory system because everyone focused on the compliance with the regulation not whether the system was safe. As he su ggested in the paper, no one thought about a fire nor did regulators ask anyone to think about it (Beier, Unknown 3).One of the conclusions drawn by Beier (Unknown 4) on Kapruns accident is that even major companies will do only the exact minimum to comply with regulations and that compliance with regulations does not guarantee a safe outcome. It is important that, he as many argues that simple product can create extremely complex risk systems and assuming that risks in technologically advanced -complex systems can be effectively managed by regulations they might prove as inefficient as in the case of Kaprun disaster. However, short before the accident in Kaprun took place, there were several occurrences of disastrous events that befell the road and rail tunnel users in the Alps and elsewhere (BBC News, 2000). Therefore, it should not be neglected that the Gletscherbahnen Kaprun managers together with the authorities inherently failed in the management of organizational risks by, as Toft and Reynolds (1994 quoted in Institute of Lifelong Learning 2006 5-10) suggest, not taking gain of the lessons learned by others.ConclusionThe case studies revealed serious recklessness of the companies in their regard to safety, which unfortunately in both cases resulted in disastrous events with great losings of lives, many injured and large numbers of grievous families that lost their loved. Despite the fact that great harm was caused to society, neither companies nor their managers were prosecuted or found guilty in front of court for any kind of criminal behaviour. Though, it needs to be recognised that the concept of criminal corporate liability is only one perspective in a broader context of responsibility claimed in case of corporate wrongdoing.In the case of Kings Cross fire it is suggested that strict liability imposed on senior managers could stipulate the companys proactive respond in dealing with identified hazards that later led to disaster. In the case of Kapru n fire the possibilities for cross-organisational isomorphism to cover the fault of being unaware of the consequences that could happen and actually did happen, were obviously missed. In both cases this paper suggest that the companies regarded safety with gross negligence, with the main aim to do only exact minimum to comply with safety standards and regulations. Bergman argues thatunlike the minds of individuals, which cannot be re-modelled, the components of a company can be analysed and reformed. New policies can be adopted, new line of business positions created and new management systems set up. The organisational defects of a company itspsyche can be taken into pieces and put together. Unsafe companies can be turned into safe ones.(Bergman, 2000 99) twain companies operated in an inherently unsafe manner before the accidents occurred and responded with significant safety improvements only after the disasters. One might argue that such safety improvements were not out of s ight in terms of available resources on both sides already before the accidents. With strict financial and legal liability incentives, avoidable accidents might be prevented. Bergman (2000 90) argues that there is a great need to increase the accountability of directors and senior company officers the backbone of any system of deterrence in preventing corporate harm, must be action against those in control of the company.There are many that are sceptical of such an argument and consider it as mayhap ineffective or even counterproductive. Such opponents can point to some other policy areas where criminalization leads to the adoption of artificial legal devices to limit liability, rather than to real changes in behaviour (The Royal Society, 1992 157-158). Fitzgerald (1986 quoted in Hood Jones, 1996 62) claims that person should not be punished for occurrences over which they could not exercise no controlif such targeting is to be implemented, then it must be accurate.Indeed, safety c oncerns should not be placed in the hands of management only. It should be overall responsibility of all aspects within organisational structures. However, it should be vested at the highest level of each organization (Bergmann 2000 126). Wells (quoted in Hood Jones, 1996 60) suggest, if safety managers want to make themselves weatherproof, their barometers need to be tuned as much to the pressure of social constructions of accidents as to the legal categories into which they potentially be placed. The managers should exercise whatever is reasonably possible to prevent avoidable accidents to occur. Therefore, incentive structures that place legal liability on those corporate bodies that are in the best position to take action to minimize risks can be an effective mechanism to promote organisational safety. Regular safety audits or inspections could present an important instrument not only to penalize non-compliances of safety regulations, but to expose hazardous circumstances that could develop into any mayor accidents. Gray and Scholz suggest thatInspections imposing penalties result in improved safety because they focus managerial attention on risks that may otherwise have been overlooked. It is not the miniscule penalty that makes OSHA inspections effective in reducing injuries, but rather the concern of managers to prevent the costs associated with accidents once they are aware of the risks.(Scholz, 1997 256)

METAPHORS :: Essays Papers

METAPHORSI have usually found writing papers to be a stuggle, but this paper was different. At first I was intimidated by the fact that it had to be an analysis of ones own writing pertaining to a specific discourse, but then once I saw the opportunity for creativity, the paper seemed fun and interesting. It gave me an opportunity to focus on the things I like about writing, the things that to me sort out writing an art miscellany containing violator and freedom. Words are groups of mixed and matched letters which create sentences. The above words and analagous words are silly-putty that one can maneuver into any shape, size, or form one chooses. Manueuvering these words to express ideas in a different way would describe a metaphor. Metaphors can help convey a thought, or make a transition among ideas smoother like a football that glides through the air from one player to the next.I find there is an excitement in taking words, as Websters Dictionary puts it, taking, units of langu age...typically seen as the smallest such units of space...distinguished phonetically..., and making metaphors creating words into brief moments for someone else to experience. Everyone in his/her life, at one time or other has had a moment when they have been left speechless. A moment on a cliff overlooking fierce, untamed waters, a sunset that sends blinding sparks finish up urban buildings, or a basketball game in which the underdog triumphs in the final seconds -- there is at least one time that everyone sees or perceives a sight that to them, is awesome. Something that in ones mind is distinguishable from any other moment and is too breathtaking, scary, or cool to describe in common vocabulary or phrasiology, for the emotions or feelings involved in that moment would not recieve due justice.People behold scenes differently, so metaphors can vary greatly in the degree of imaging and the amount of emotion they elicit. This implies that they appeal to a larger discourse communi ty rather than academic writing, unlike Jennifer Gebeleins term paper, Giardia, which because of its nature has a more discriminating community. The discourse community, the writers and reader of metaphors may range from a seventh grade reading class to the C.E.O. of an international company.This emphasizes the freedom that is allowed with metaphors, the fact that metaphors hold no boundaries on audience or creativity. As with any form of freedom, risk is involved.

Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984) and George Orwell :: Nineteen Eighty-Four 1984 Essays

1984 and George Orwell   1984 is about life in a world where no personal freedoms exist. Winston the main character is a man of 39 whom is not olympian in either intelligence or character, but is disgusted with the world he lives in. He works in the Ministry of Truth, a place where history and the law is rewritten to fit the partys beliefs. Winston is aware of the untruths, because he makes them true. This makes him very upset with the government of Oceania, where Big Brother, a larger than life figure, controls the people. His dissatisfaction increases to a point where he rebels against the government in small ways. Winstons first act of rebellion is buying and writing in a diary. This act is known as a thought crime and is punishable by death. A thought crime is any bad thought against the government of Oceania. Winston commits many thought crimes and becomes paranoid about being caught, which he knows is indispensable (Greenblast 113). He becomes paranoid bec ause a young char who is actively involved in many community groups follows him. Winston is obsessed with the past, a time before Oceania was under strict dictatorship. He goes into an antique shop and buys a shell covered in glass, which is other(prenominal) crime punishable by death. He sees the same woman following him. Many thoughts race through his mind I wanted to rape you and then murder you afterwards. Two weeks ago I thought ill of smashing your head in with a cobblestone. If you really want to know, I imagined that you had something to do with the Thought Police (Orwell 101). The girl who was following him slipped him a note composition at work. The note said, I love you(Orwell 90). They make plans to meet each other and carry on an illegal love affair. This love affair is another rebellion against the government. It goes on for some time. Winston rents a room where he and Julia can be secluded from the outside world. They meet a man named OBrien who indic ates that he is another revolutionary. Winston and Julia go to his house to meet with him. OBrien gives than a seditious book to read.