American History Essay Example for Free

American History Essay â€Å"The sad truth is that most evil is done by people who never make up their minds to be good or evil† was a wise phase once uttered by Hannah Arendt. I love this quote because is perfectly describes the two boys from â€Å"American History X,† Danny and Derek. These two boys have seen and done it all when it comes to hate groups, as both were members of a neo-nazi hate group. Neo- Nazi hate groups use authoritarian, scapegoat, normative, and exploitation theories to justify their hate, discrimination, and torture of anyone who isnt a part of the â€Å"supreme race,† or white. Boy Danny and Derek end up in this life from an early age. Parents are one of the biggest, if not the biggest influence on a childs life. When Danny and Derek were both relatively young they looked up to their father, thought of him as the â€Å"ideal† man. However their father was a racist, influencing almost every thought the boys had. At family dinner when talking about about a black school teacher their father said, â€Å"Its nigger bullshit,† and warned Derek not to buy into the equality teachings. Because Danny and Derek both looked up to their dad so much, this would be and example of the exploitation theory. Exploitation theory is when one societal group, in this case whites, use hostility to keep their position and power intact. This really come into play after Danny and Dereks father was murdered and Derek believes it was a race related killing. Right after their father died, Derek joined a neo-nazi hate group known as the DOC(Disciples of Christ). Being extreme believers in the white supremacy movement, the DOC acted out with violence and extreme hatred toward any other race, especially blacks. Derek, being a high ranking member, murdered 2 black men for the cause. He served three years for the murders, which impacted his whole family tremendously. At the beginning of Dereks sentence he did not want any visitors, claiming it would be to hard to see his family. He made friends with other neo-nazi members in prison, but soon started realizing that they were not serious about the cause like he was. He also started becoming friends with his black work partner who said, â€Å"I aint the nigger in here, you are† Derek started realizing that white supremacy what basically just a scapegoat. Meaning that the followers of the movement were just trying to find someone to blame for their problems, which in this case happened to be  the blacks. After befriending his black work mate he realized that blacks are human too. Once he could recognize blacks as human he finally felt guilt for killing to people, not niggers, people. Derek was determined to help his brother and family by getting them out of the gangs and hate. One of the biggest influences on Derek while in jail was his principal from high school. He was a black man with experience in dealing with â€Å"troubled youth.† He gave Derek the push he needed by saying, â€Å"Has anything youve done made your life better?†. Later Derek told Danny, â€Å"Its just because I was pissed off†. I think this was Dereks way of responding to his principal, he really didnt believe in the cause it was more of just an outlet for his anger that his father would have approved of. While Derek is locked up.

Racism in Cry, the Beloved Country by Alan Paton :: Cry, The Beloved Country Essays

Is Alan Paton racist in his portrayal of the natives? Yes, Alan Paton is racist in his portrayal of the natives as evidenced by the text below: Part I Page 10 Then she and put her head on it, with the patient suffering of black women, with suffering of oxen, with suffering of any that are mute. Pg 13, already full of the humbler people of his race., some with strange assortments of european garments. Pg 22 White Johannesburg was afraid of black crime. OLD COUPLE ROBBED AND BEATEWN IN LONELY HOUSE - FOUR NATIVES ARRESTED. Pg. 35 Who is nothing but a white man's dog. Pg. 44-45 These things are so bad, said Msimangu... it is true that they are often bad women, but hta is theone crime we dare not speak of. Pg. 58 God have mercy upon us, Christ have mercy upon us. White man have mercy upon us. Pg. 59 The white men come to Shanty town. They come and wonder what they can do, there are so many of us. What will the poor devils do in the rain? Pg. 72 Murder in ParkwoldASSAILENT THOUGHT TO BE NATIVES. Pg. 75 I say we shall always have native crime **** until the native people of this counrty have worthy purposes to inspire and worthy goals to work for. Pg. 77 We went to Zoo lake dear. But its quite impossible. I really don't see why they can't have separate days for natives. Where can these poor creatues go? Pg. 78-79 and others say there is a danger for better paid laor will not , but will also read more, think more, ask more, and will not be content to be forever voiceless and inferior. Pg. 79 Who knows how we shall fashion such a land? We fear not only the loss of our possessions , but the loss of our whiteness. Pg. 86 Soe he introduced Kumalo to the European Superintendent, who called him Mr. Kumalo Pg. 123 He loooked l ike a man used to great matters, much greater htan the case of a black boy Part II Pg. 150 God knows what's comign to the country, I don't. I'm not a nigger hater...Pg. 154 The truth is that our christian ...he created white and black, and gives divine approval to any human that is deisnged to keep black men from advancement. Pg. 158 but at the door of the People, which means at the door of the white people. Pg.

Drama Exploration †Response Essay

For the response phase of our drama exploration unit, we used two different explorative strategies in order to investigate our characters and help us to be able to define them better and also to allow us to be able to really become the character instead of imitating what we think the character is like. The two explorative strategies we use were called, â€Å"The Watering Hole† and â€Å"Marking the Moment†. The character that I play the part of is called Reg from the play â€Å"Table Manners† by Alan Ayckbourne. He is a realtor and is married to Sarah; they have two children and have what may be called a turbulent relationship. The Watering Hole The first explorative strategy which we covered was called â€Å"The Watering Hole†. During this exercise we were to think of what our character would be like as an animal. We were then to think of what it would be like as a group of this animal, much like flock of geese or a pride of lions. Once we had done this we had to think of a name for our group of animals. Then we had to act out what this group of our character would do at a watering hole and how they would react to other character/animals. In addition to this we had to think of a sound that our animal would make and emulate it. Finally we had to show also how our character would bathe and wash himself once at the watering hole. I was placed in a group with four other people who also played the character of Reg. First we decided that the creature that Reg could be most closely associated with is a sloth. His general disinterest in others and their business is reflected in this. We also felt that a major aspect of his character was that he becomes very engrossed in seemingly irrelevant things, such as when he ignores tom when he is talking about Annie and focuses upon the stale biscuits. This helps to show also that he is interested in feeding himself and in food in general. The only quality of his which did not match the sloth was his very short attention span. So eventually we decided to have a creature that was very slow and disinterested in other creatures, but still one that took passion in food and small items. For the name of our ‘group’ we decided to call it a mob due to the fact that mobs are very disjointed and disorganised and each person is an individual and yet they are still moving in a group. This is appropriate because Reg is not an organised person and he would not work well as a group as he is more of an independent creature. For the voice of our creature we came to the decision that his ‘voice’ would need to resemble that of his actual voice; droning and extremely boring as every other character finds him, he would drink from the pool while very engrossed in the water and would splash around in it and be very amused by it, showing some of his immature side. When faced with the task of acting out what our character would do if he were to wash himself, we chose to just flop onto the mattress (our watering hole) and splash the water and just lie in it as her is not interested in washing himself but in playing in the watering hole. We decided to have different reactions to each character. Name Of Character How we would act? Why we would act this way? Norman Be very calm, even friendly, offering a place at the watering hole. Reg likes Norman, in opposition of all the others who all hate him with the exception of Annie and I think Reg finds him extremely amusing. Ruth Be quite disinterested but also quite friendly. Disinterested because they are siblings and lived together for most of their life and friendly as they have a common enemy in Sarah. Annie Treat her like a loving child and keep her safe from others. Reg would do this because he thinks of Annie as his sweet younger sister and likes to take care of her. Tom Reg treats Tom like a friend. He thinks that he is suitable for Annie. Sarah Be very hostile. This is because he hates Sarah and there is no actual love between them. They are only together because of their children. Marking the Moment The second explorative strategy which we used in order to explore our characters was marking the moment. ‘Marking the moment’ is when a moment in a scene of particular significance is emphasised in some way, this may be by freezing the scene or by using thoughts spoken out loud. Since ‘Table Manners’ is a naturalistic play these methods cannot be used and other methods have to be used. The moment we chose to mark was the point in the play at which it is just Reg and Tom alone together in the dining room. Tom is talking about how he thinks that Annie wanted him to take her on a weekend holiday with him and Reg is talking about golf and his childhood days at which point Tom realises he has missed out on a weekend of pleasure with Annie. This moment is significant because it clearly shows Toms realisation and ignorance and Reg’s disinterest in others’ matters, giving us a clear insight into both characters. We marked this moment by using Tom’s facial expressions to show what he was thinking during Reg’s ignorant speech about aeroplanes. This helped me to understand Reg much better because it showed me that he is a very shallow person and only cares about a few things in life; food, golf and his own personal satisfaction. In conclusion I think that these strategies helped me to better understand my character due to the fact that it forces you to think about what your character would be like outside of the set lines in the play and he or she would be as an actual person and this develops the way I can fit into the role of the character in order to fulfil the role.

Evolution of Childhood - Free Essay Example

Sample details Pages: 4 Words: 1249 Downloads: 5 Date added: 2019/03/13 Category Sociology Essay Level High school Topics: Childhood Essay Did you like this example? Abstract To understand the developments in the current industrial society, one must take a closer look at the view of children during the neoclassic and romantic periods of our history. In his book A Modest Proposal, Jonathan Swift discusses the role of social classes in determining a childs role in the society, albeit in a satirical way. During the neoclassical period, industrial technology had not surfaced. Therefore, European parents had to toil or work harder to put food on the table. These involved long hours of manual work in the farms. However, long hours of action did not guarantee a higher yield. The inconsistent weather patterns at times determined harvests. Therefore, if a child was born to a low-income family or a developing nation, then he or she would be viewed as a burden to the family or the state. As a result, various mechanisms were set up to prevent children from being burdens to the state or their families. Don’t waste time! Our writers will create an original "Evolution of Childhood" essay for you Create order By then, Ireland was one of the poorest European countries. This made it hard to raise a child in this nation (Day 96). To make it worse, the English or the British policy towards Irish was not friendly. This made it harder for the parents to raise children in Ireland. Swift then suggested that the Irish parents should sell their children into the British labor. Selling children into labor was a common trend during this era. Low-income families could not afford to educate and feed their children well. Therefore, some children accompanied their parents to work. They worked for the elite families in Europe. Still, the pay was not good enough. This meant that they could barely improve their economic status. Some parents and their children had to exchange their labor with food. Consequently, most of the work they did was for survival, not to improve their families economic status or conditions. Education was not a right but a privilege that few children could afford. The mode of education or the curriculum was based on enhancing a childs way of reasoning or thinking. This encouraged the rise of philosophy and the increasing interests in science. The focus of some education institutions were based on challenging the religious and political authority of the Catholics (Hindman 103). This was because the church played crucial roles in their lives. Also, there was a continuous struggle or frictional relationships between the Catholics and the Protestants. Children born from wealthy families could afford education. However, this was not the same case to children born of poor parents. At times, the parents could not afford the fee required for their education, or the children were just busy working to help their families make ends meet. Gender was an important issue in European neoclassical societies. Males were regarded superior than the females. Therefore, the males had additional privileges compared to their female counterparts. To ensure the continuity of this ideology or belief, it played a crucial role in the bringing up the children. Boys could be taught matters of leadership while the females could be taught matters of domestic chores, boys were also taught issues of management. This is because they had the right to inherit their fathers property. Therefore, it is believed that there was a close association between fathers and their sons. Similarly, girls enjoyed close associations with their mothers. Romantic era ushered in new ideas of compulsory school attendance and nationalism. In fact, it coincided with the first industrial revolution in Britain. As a result of the revolution, machines were coming in to replace human labor. This led to the establishment of first industries in Europe. The introduction of machines in the process of production led the creation of employment opportunities, development and widening gaps in social classes and finally increased European population due to the availability of more food. In his poem The Chimney Sweeper, William Blake brings into our attention the prominence of child labor during the Romantic era. Machines brought good changes to the society, however, they enslaved people into the belief of economic success. As a result, more people started to strive harder to improve their social and economic status. Therefore, one can easily say that as much as machines improved efficiency or made work easier and brought more food to our tables, it took our children with it and the introduction and prominence of child labor. Religion played a crucial role in the development of a childs labor. According to religious teachings, we are taught to embrace the sufferings of the world to gain rewards in the afterlife. Given that the Romantic era was a period of strict religious tolerance, children (especially boys) and as young as four and five years were sold to industrial labor. Also, the form of religion during this period was deeply rooted in European conservatism. Therefore, words from the Bible were regarded as laws. This hindered the concepts of liberalism in bringing out new ideas. In most industries across Britain, children worked as chimney cleaners. In some, they did other light duties such as sorting out and cleaning some work tools. To most of their parents, this was an act of preparing their children to embrace the difficulties of life in order to make them ready for rewards that come after death, in the afterlife. Such religious arguments led to the prominence of child labor in London and the e ntire romantic era. Education played a central role in this period. The curriculum placed more emphasis on sciences, arts, and law (Bassler 67). Unlike the neoclassical period, most children went to school during the romantic era. This was attributed to two factors. First, more parents were employed at the industries. Therefore, they could afford to take their children to school. Finally, many European nations wanted to focus on national development. Education was therefore made mandatory as it played a central role in a nations political, economic and social development. Gender still played a crucial role in the raising of children. To preserve the status quo, boys had upper hands in social, political and economic roles. However, the notion that boys are stronger made them more vulnerable to industrial exploitation. In England and other countries in Europe like France, boys as young as four and five years were taken to work in the factories. They did light duties but at times had to clean the sooty chimneys. The pay they received was used by their parents to raise the families. Girls, on the other hand, were taught to embrace domestic roles. They stayed at home and took care of their younger siblings. At times, older girls would prepare mills for the families. However, they had no right to own property. In most cases, they were not included in inheriting their familys property. Conclusion Its therefore evident that our historical timelines played crucial roles in childhood. For example, during the neoclassical period, the needs of the society influenced how the children were brought up. This is because the societal needs influenced the parents and governments priorities. However, one can quickly point that the industrial revolution played a significant role in changing the mode of bringing up children. For example, the romantic era was deeply influenced by the first industrial revolution that began in England (Hassel 23). This led to new priorities in education and labor demands from the children. One can say that the need for childs labor increased during the romantic era than during the period of the neoclassic era. This change can be attributed to the industrial revolution.

Ultima Thule Ancient Planetestimal in the Outer Solar System

Early in the morning hours (eastern time) on January 1, 2019, the New Horizons spacecraft sped past the most distant explored object in the solar system. The tiny planetesimal it encountered is called 2014 MU69, nicknamed Ultima Thule. That term means beyond the known world and was chosen as a temporary name for the object during a public naming competition in 2018.   Fast Facts: Ultima Thule 2014 MU69 Ultima Thule is an ancient planetesimal orbiting in the Kuiper Belt, a region beyond Neptune. It is probably made largely of ice and its surface is reddish.Ultima Thule is more than 44 astronomical units from Earth (an AU is 150 million kilometers, the distance between Earth and the Sun).Two lobes, named Ultima and Thule, make up the body of this planetesimal. They attached early in solar system history in a gentle collision.The New Horizons mission has been traveling to the outer solar system since its launch on January 19, 2006. It will continue through the solar system,  through the Oort Cloud, and eventually to interstellar space. It has enough power to continue exploration through the 2020s. What Is Ultima Thule?   This tiny object orbits the Sun out in a region of space called the Kuiper Belt, well beyond the orbit of Neptune. Since Ultima Thule lies out in that region, its sometimes referred to as a trans-Neptunian object. As with many planetesimals there, Ultima Thule is a mainly icy object. Its orbit is 298 Earth-years long, and it gets only a tiny fraction of the sunlight that Earth receives. Planetary scientists have long been interested in little worldlets like this one because they date back to the formation of the solar system. Their distant orbits preserve them in very cold temperatures, and that also preserves scientific information about what conditions were like some 4.5 billion years ago, when the Sun and planets were forming.   This perspective view shows the path of NASA’s New Horizons spacecraft (yellow) through the outer solar system and the Kuiper Belt. The orbits of the terrestrial and giant planets are shown in blue. The dots show the locations of representative asteroids, close to the Sun, and Kuiper Belt objects (KBOs), which are mostly beyond the orbit of Neptune, the outermost giant planet. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute/Alex Parker Exploring Ultima Thule Ultima Thule was the target of a hunt for another object to study by the New Horizons spacecraft after its successful flyby of Pluto in July 2015. It had been spotted in 2014 by the Hubble Space Telescope as part of a survey for distant objects beyond Pluto in the Kuiper Belt. The team decided to program the spacecrafts trajectory to Ultima Thule. To get an accurate idea of its size, New Horizons scientists programmed ground-based observations of this little world as it occulted (passed in front of) a more distant set of stars during its orbit. Those observations in 2017 and 2018 were successful and gave the New Horizons team a good idea of the size and shape of Ultima Thule. Armed with that information, they programmed the spacecrafts path and science instruments to observe this dark distant planetesimal during the January 1, 2019 flyby. The spacecraft flew past at a distance of 3,500 kilometers at a speed of just over 14 kilometers per second. Data and images began streaming back to Earth and will continue until late 2020. The scene in mission control at Johns Hopkins Applied physics lab when the first clear image of Ultima Thule arrived on January 1, 2019. NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute For the flyby, the New Horizons team invited friends, family, and press. To celebrate the close flyby, which took place at 12:33 a.m. (EST) on January 1, 2019, the combined visitors and team held what one newspaper called the geekiest New Years party ever. One special part of the celebration was the performance of an anthem for New Horizons by Dr. Brian May, astrophysicist member of the New Horizons team and former lead guitarist for the rock group Queen. To date, Ultima Thule is the most distant known body ever explored by a spacecraft. Once the Ultima Thule flyby was done, and the data transmissions began, the spacecraft swung its attention to more distant worlds in the Kuiper Belt, possibly for future flybys. The Scoop on Ultima Thule Based on data and images taken at Ultima Thule, planetary scientists have found and explored the first contact binary object in the Kuiper Belt. Its 31 kilometers long and has two lobes joined to form a collar around one part of the object. The lobes are named Ultima and Thule respectively for the small and large components.  This ancient planetesimal is thought to be made largely of ice, with perhaps some rocky material mixed in. Its surface is very dark and may be covered with organic materials created as the icy surface was bombarded by ultraviolet radiation from the distant Sun. Ultima Thule lies  6,437,376,000 kilometers away from Earth and it took more than six hours to send a one-way message to or from the spacecraft.   The first color images of 2014 MU69 Ultima Thule. The reddish material is likely a coating created by ultraviolet light interactions with the ices.   NASA/Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory/Southwest Research Institute Whats Important About Ultima Thule? Due to its distance from the Sun and its steady orbit in the plane of the solar system, Ultima Thule is thought to be whats called a cold classical Kuiper Belt object. That means it has likely orbited in the same place throughout much of its history.  Its shape is interesting because the two lobes indicate that Ultima Thule is made of two objects that gently drifted together and remained stuck to each other for most of the objects history. Its spin indicates motion that was imparted to Ultima Thule during the collision and it hasnt spun down yet.   There appear to be craters on Ultima Thule, as well as other features on its red surface. It doesnt appear to have any satellites or a ring surrounding it and theres no discernible atmosphere. During the flyby, specialized instruments onboard New Horizons scanned its surface in various wavelengths of light to learn more about the chemical properties of the reddish surface. What those observations and others reveal will help planetary scientists understand more about conditions in the early solar system and out in the Kuiper Belt, which is already being called the third regime of the solar system. Sources New Horizons, pluto.jhuapl.edu/Ultima/Ultima-Thule.php.â€Å"New Horizons Successfully Explores Ultima Thule – Solar System Exploration: NASA Science.† NASA, NASA, 1 Jan. 2019, solarsystem.nasa.gov/news/807/new-horizons-successfully-explores-ultima-thule/.Official, Queen. YouTube, YouTube, 31 Dec. 2018, www.youtube.com/watch?vj3Jm5POCAj8.Talbert, Tricia. â€Å"NASAs New Horizons Makes First Detection of Kuiper Belt.† NASA, NASA, 28 Aug. 2018, www.nasa.gov/feature/ultima-in-view-nasa-s-new-horizons-makes-first-detection-of-kuiper-belt-flyby-target.

Effects Of Technology On Society s Society - 1092 Words

Can you live a day without your phone, tablet, computer? Well you probably could, but it probably wouldn’t be enjoyable. Well, how about a day without bullying, depression, and impolite people? Now that is a day most would probably wish for. Society wants to have causes these wretched events, but doesn’t want to accept that what they want is the main cause of these issues; technology. The lack of interaction that has come along with technology is what is causing severe downfalls in today’s society. This lack of interaction is causing this fall due to its harm of social skills, its harm on people’s enjoyment of life, and its easy ignition of conflicts. Now, some people will argue that this lack of interaction actually has its benefits, which it does, but they are very small when in comparison to its harm on society. Some believe that small economic gains and gradual intellectual advantages that have come for this lack of interaction should top the horrendou s amount of social harm. They believe that with this lack it becomes an opportunity for more technological jobs to arise, more developments in science and math fields, and for the opportunities to arise for people to become more intellectually educated. However, these gains can be broken down with the sanction that society cannot function properly and make these gains with technology bringing people down emotionally and physically. Others may also argue that technology makes peoples’ life better overall; however, inShow MoreRelatedEffects Of Technology On Society s Society1246 Words   |  5 Pages Effects of Technology on Society Many years ago, historians believe the future would be an amazing technologically advanced place filled with robots and time traveling. But today no one seems to be shocked by all of the advancements (Negative Effects of Technology). The computers are controlling minds, and humans are acting more as robots than citizens. 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It is assumedRead MoreThe Horizon s Setting 2020 Strategy1732 Words   |  7 Pagesmost recent two years, specifically inside of the European Commission s Science in Society program, in the Horizon s setting 2020 Strategy. We give a brief verifiable diagram of the idea, and distinguish three particular components that are rising up out of related talks. The principal is an accentuation on the equitable administration of the reasons of exploration and advancement and their introduction towards the right effects . The second is responsiveness, underscoring the joining and regulationRead MoreThe Current State Of Culture And Society1642 Words   |  7 PagesProjections that have been made about how today’s society and culture will look in the coming years, decades, and centuries, all have yet to be seen in how valid they are. If you look in any sort of media: television, social media, or radio/music, you will see people giving their interpretations of what will become of our world down the road. Yet, few people look to see how our the current state of culture and society reflect the projections made by people in previous years, decades, and centuriesRead MoreThe Internet s Effect On State Society Relations979 Words   |  4 PagesThreatened To Reinvent Society† by Tom Vanderbilt. The essay focuses on how the concerns about social effects of the internet and technology existed in the past and today’s situation is not different. Internet, similar to telephone in the past raised some questions regarding the social effects but we don’t have to worry. It opposes the main concept of all other sources regarding effects of technology. The seventh article is, â€Å"Weighing the Scales: The Internet s Effect on State-Society Relations† by Daniel

Contract Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability †Free Samples

Question: Discuss about the Unconscionability and How it May Mean A Contract Cannot be Enforced. Answer: With the ever increasing number of consumers, there has been a need to find ways to redress according to the statutory provisions oflaw and also according to common law. This need arose due to the fact that a large number of consumers were disadvantaged as a result of unfair that this is adopted by the businesses (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). In the present research paper, the changes that have taken place in statutorylaw as well as the commonlaw on the basis of the outcome of the legal dispute that was decided by the court in commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. v Amadio (1983). Therefore in the present assignment, the impact of unconscionability on the contracts created between the parties will be evaluated. It needs to be mentioned in this context that Amadio can be described as the first case in which the court had relied upon unconscionable conduct and therefore this case is considered as the driving force behind the introduction of the amendment of unconscionability relate d with the law of contract in Australia (Grantham and Rickett, 2001). At the same time, there has been an increase in the consumer protection legislation that has been introduced with a view to provide justice to the consumers and enforcing the unconscionable conduct clause in case of contractual relations between the parties (Kremer, 2001). Generally the ownership of a particular business transaction lies with the trader and therefore, also the responsibility to make sure that the transaction between the parties is fair and reasonable. As a doctrine of contract law, unconscionable conduct has been designed in the beginning for the purpose of upholding equity and fair play (Paterson, Robertson and Duke, 2009). In this regard, the term unconscionable conduct is related with the behavior where relief can be provided to the other party by the court. The High Court had relied upon this doctrine in the case of Blomley v Ryan (1956). However, the applicability of this doctrine was further strengthened when the court relied upon this doctrine while deciding commercial Bank of Australia Ltd. v Amadio (1983). Before proceeding further, it will be helpful to briefly discuss the facts of Amadio case. In this case, an elderly couple, who had migrated from Italy, Mr. and Mrs. Amadio had stood as guarantors for the loan taken by the company owned by their son from Commercial Bank of Australia. In this case, the bank manager was in close contact with their son, Vincenzo Amadio. The bank manager had good understanding regarding business realities, and he was also aware of the fact that probably the son had misrepresented the facts in order to prepare his parents to stand as guarantors for the loan taken by him. Later on, the construction business of the company of Vincenzo Amadio failed and as a result, the bank tried to enforce the guarantee given by the elderly couple by mortgaging the building that was owned by them. The issue that had to be decided by the court in this case was if the Amadios were bound by the transaction and therefore the contract of guarantee can be enforced against them under the circumstances in which they have signed it. It needs to be noted in this regard that the migrant couple from Italy had very little understanding of English language. Before entering into the contract, the elderly couple was not given any professional and independent advice regarding the contract. At the same time, although the manager of the bank, Mr. Virgo had knowledge regarding the business situation of the company of their son, Vincenzo Amadio but he failed to advise the Amadios that we should seek independent advice before entering into the contract. When the mortgage was being executed by the elderly couple, the bank had some knowledge regarding the unstable financial condition of their son and at the same time, it was also aware of the fact that probably the Amadios were not aware of this fact. Moreover, in this case it was assumed by the Amadios that their liability will be restricted to $50,000 while the bank failed to inform the elderly couple that no limit was present on their liability as the guarantors for their son. Therefore, while deciding the case, Manson J, had stated that the manager of the bank was aware of the special disability of the elderly couple and still he failed to take any steps in order to ensure that they fully comprehended the nature of transaction they were going to enter. As a result, it can be said in this case that the bank had taken an advantage of the opportunity that was present before it and this in itself can be described as unconscientious. The court stated that this is the underlying bases o n which the clause of unconscionability relies upon. As a result of the decision given by the court in this case, a new concept has been added to the common law and the contract law. At the same time, these changes were also introduced in the statutory law of Australia. There are two ways to distinguish the term unconscionability. First is the procedural unconscionability, which is related with the disadvantage that has been suffered by a weaker party during the negotiations. In such a case, an advantage is taken by the stronger party of the fact that the consumer is either lacking sufficient knowledge or understanding regarding the contract or the consumer is not in a position to make an independent decision regarding the transaction (Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson, 1990). In such a case, the trader fails to point out to the consumer that there are avenues for getting help to clearly understand the terms of the contract. Therefore in such a case, it can be said that the trader has taken an advantage of the lack of under standing on the part of the consumer for his own benefit (Louth v Diprose, 1992). On the other hand, substantive unconscionability is related with the unfairness of the terms of the contract or its outcome. At the same time, it may also indicate that undue influence or coercion was present in case of a particular contract. In such a case, the consumer is unable to make an independent decision due to the recent that undue influence is present on the consumer. Generally it has been seen that the court will not go into the question. If a party has achieved a good bargain are bad bargain, but it will see if such a party had a chance to properly decide what was in their best interests while entering into the contract. Due to reason that generally in case of unconscionability, there is an imbalance in the bargaining power of the parties, individuals and small companies can easily make an allegation of unconscionability against the large corporations. In this way, the doctrine of unconscionability has been introduced with a view to make sure that the stronger party should be aware of the disadvantage suffered by the other party. The decision given in Amadio case suggests that in case the stronger party is successful in establishing and the court that a fair, just and reasonable contract has been created between the parties, the court may not impugn the transaction. A number of developments have also taken place in this territory law of the decision given by the Court in Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983). These includes the changes made in the earlier Trade Practices Act, 1974, the Corporations Act, 2001 and the ASIC, 2001 and also the different codes of conduct that were applicable in the industry. For example, reforms were introduced in case of the financial services sector on first July, 1990. As a part of these changes, the prime responsibility has been given to the ASIC to deal with the issues concerning consumer and small business protection in the financial sector. The respective application of the above mentioned the types of unconscionable conduct provisions to the contracts related financial services is decided by considering the particular exclusion clauses and the definitions provided by the ASIC Act in section 12 CA, CB and CC. Even if the financial services and products have been defined clearly by the ASIC, 2001, the pr ovisions related with the unconscionable conduct under this legislation reflect the provisions that were present in the Trade Practices Act, 1974, and as a result, equivalent compliance obligations are present for the businesses when they are dealing in financial services. In this regard, certain remedies are available to the consumers provided by the Australian Competition and Consumer Commission. The law provides the ACCC to take administrative or court action against any individual or business if it suspects that it is involved in unconscionable conduct that is in breach of the law the action that will be taken by the Commission. In such a case will depend on the priorities of the ACCC and on the nature of the conduct. There are several forms in which administrative action can be taken by the Commission. For instance, a request can be made by the ACCC that someone should stop particular conduct or to change particular trading practices. In case of some serious examples, the Commission may accept an enforceable undertaking from the individual or the company concerned and make these public. Written undertakings can be enforced by the courts on the basis of an application made by the Commission. On the other hand, if a particular matter cannot be resol ved by taking administrative steps, which is available to the Commission to take court action. The law allows the ACCC to seek injunctions or other orders from the court against the business. Similarly, the commission can take a decision on behalf of the consumers and represents the consumers. If they are going to lose something in a particular transaction due to the unconscionable conduct of the other party that is in contravention of the law. The Financial and Consumer Rights Council, Victoria is the apex body for financial counselors in Victoria. The Council provides resources and support to the financial counselors and promotes the needs of the consumers who are facing financial problems (Beatson and Virgo, (2002). The Council also provides support, information and advocacy to the consumers in Victoria who are facing financial difficulties in Victoria. The FCRC works, along with the community sectors and its services are confidential, independent and free for the consumers. The main purpose behind providing these services is to advocate for the vulnerable consumers in Victoria, who are facing financial difficulties and for this purpose the Council supports the financial counselors and also helps through stakeholder relationships for creating a systemic change. In the same way, the financial counseling sector is supported by the Council through advocacy, case work and law reform and by adopting and maintaining best pract ices. In this regard, consumer advocacy can be described as providing a voice to the consumers. This view has been supported by a review of the history of consumer advocacy in Australia, the literature in which the term advocacy was considered and by examining the mission statement of different organizations that describe themselves as the advocates of the consumers. It is important that the consumer advocates should act as a voice for this purpose, keeping in view the, long-term interests of all the consumers. The various consumer organizations have to be effective despite the presence of significant constraints of resources and therefore generally they work smarter and harder as compared to the voices that they are opposing and stretch their resources beyond the seemingly natural constraints. Of course this is different from claiming that consumer advocacy has proved to be effective for the consumers. The present arrangements for consumer advocacy in Victoria are less effective than requ ired. It is widely believed that the voices of the consumer are not heard (or heard sufficiently) in Victoria as is the case with other parts of Australia and other countries. References Beatson J and Virgo, G J (2002) Contract, Unjust Enrichment and Unconscionability, 118 Law Quarterly Review 352 Carlin, T.M., (2002) The Rise (And Fall?) of Implied Duties of Good Faith in Contractual Performance in Australia, UNSWLawJl 4 Grantham R and Rickett, C (2001) On the Subsidiarity of Unjust Enrichment, 117 Law Quarterly Review 273 Kremer, B (2001) The Action for Money Had and Received, 17 Journal of Contract Law 93. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Contract: Cases and Materials, Lawbook Co, 11th ed. Paterson, Robertson Duke, (2009) Principles of Contract Law, Lawbook Co, 3rd ed. Case Law Blomley v Ryan (1956) 99 CLR 362 Commercial Bank of Australia v Amadio (1983) 151 CLR 447, 461 Concrete Constructions (NSW) Pty Ltd v Nelson (1990) 169 CLR 594 Kakavas v Crown Melbourne Ltd [2013] HCA 25 Louth v Diprose (1992) 175 CLR 621